Triple Helix or Quadruple Helix: Which Model of Innovation to Choose for Empirical Studies?

Abstract While the Triple Helix and Quadruple models are popular in innovation studies, relations between them have not been addressed extensively literature. There diverse interpretations of helix empirical studies that apply them, but these sometimes deviate from original theses models. Such a situation can confuse newcomers to field terms which model their research. We discern cause this research challenge is lack systematic comparison two To bridge gap, paper compares perspectives how they were introduced discussed literature improved useful addressing processes contemporary society. Our major findings as follows: First, reviewing extant applying for identifying gaps, we discover influenced by three views on located continuum extreme ends—namely, isolation versus integration Second, provide both advantages weaknesses models, may help researchers choose suitable conceptual/analytical tools studies. Third, our shows largely supplementary each other when analysing society, providing ground potential synergy building